“Management and Administration”

The late President of United States highlighted management; John F. Kennedy when he said that, .the role of management in our society is critical in human progress. It serves to identify a great need of our time: to improve standards of living for all people through effective utilisation of human and material sources. Similarly, Peter F. Drucker, a noted management authority has emphasised the importance of management to social living. He proclaimed nearly 25 years ago that, "effective management was becoming the main resource, of developed nations and that it was the most needed' resource for developing nations."

A manager's job is "highly crucial to the success of any organisation. the more complex the organisation, the more crucial is the manager's role in it. A good manager makes things happen. The importance of management in any organisation was emphasised byProfessor Leonard R. Sayles in his address to a group of management development specialists, as follows:

"We must find ways of convincing society as a whole, and those who train managers in particular, that the real leadership problems of our institutions-the getting things done, the implementation, the evolving of a consensus, the making of the right decisions at the right time with the right people-are where the action is. Although we as a society haven't learned to give much credit to managers, I hope we can move toward recognising that managerial and leadership jobs are among the most critical tasks of our society. As such, they deserve the professional status that we give to more traditional fields of knowledge."

MANAGEMENT DEFINED:-
Many management thinkers have defined management in their own ways. For example, Van Fleet and Peterson define management, "as a set of activities directed at the efficient and effective utilisation of resources 'in the pursuit of one or more goals.

Managerial
Activities

Financial
Resources

Effective and
Efficient
Utilisation

Human
Resources

Physical
Resources

Goals

Informational
Resources





















THE COMPONENTS OF MANAGEMENT
Megginson, Mosley and pietri define management as “working with human, financial and physical resource to achieve organizational objectives by performing the planning, organizing, leading and controlling functions.” Shows the megginson, monsley and pietri definition of management.


Planning
Organising
Leading
Controlling
Human Financial
And physical
Recourses

Goals
Management





MEGGINSON, MOSLEY AND PIETRI MANAGEMENT DEFINITION

Kreitner considers management as a Problem solving process. He defines management as follow:-

"Management is a problem' solving process of effectively achieving Organizational objective’s through the efficient use of scarce resources in a changing environment."
Some of the integral elements of this definition can be separated and briefly explained as follows:

PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS: -

One of the most important functions of a manager is to make decisions and solve problem Some- of the major problems that management must continually face "include unpredictable economic trend's 'changing governmental regulations, resource shortage and a severe competition for these resources, employee demands technical problems, technological developments and so on, There are other problems that are comparatively routine in-nature and can be solved by some tried and tested mechanisms. For example, a change in production quality can be easily looked into and the process corrected or modified or changed if necessary. On the other hand, an increase in employee grievances or employee absenteeism or turnover may require carefully studied unique solutions.

ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES:-

All organizational have a mission that is very basic reason for their existence' and certain goals and objective while goals are 'long' range and 'more general in nature, objectives are more specific, tangible and most often quantifiable. For example, the mission of a college may be high quality education, its goal may be to primarily serve the educational needs of the surrounding community and its objective may be to increase the number of new students entering the college by ten per cent in two years. The primary objective of most organizational is "to provide a service .for the public. Of course such service has to be- profitable for the organization in monetary terms; 'for that is the essence of a capitalist economy. Accordingly, management must plan its activities along these lines, additionally; it is also the management’s responsibility to integrate the personal objective of employee into organizational objectives. The personal objective of the employee may include higher remuneration, more challenging tasks and responsibilities and participation in the decision making process.
EFFICIENCY:-
Efficiency along with most common way of measuring organizational performance. Efficiency is ability to get thing done correct. An efficiency manager achieve a higher out put with given resource of time, talent and capital. So that this resource are fully utilized without waste. Similarly effectiveness means” doing the right thing in a right way at the right time. Accordingly successful managers would not only be effective in terms of selecting the right things to do and the right method for getting them done, buy they would be efficient in fully utilizing resources.

6. SCARE RESOURCE :-
The resource of people time capital and raw material all finite and limited. They are all scare in nature and are not expandable additionally, they are in fierce competition for acquiring these recourse.

7. CHANGING ENVIRONMENT:-
the dynamic of the environment is evidenced by the changing that have taken place in all areas in last few years. The advent of computer and telecommunication technology had change the way in which assessment of the environment in carried out for discussion making purpose, Accordingly, management must be prepared to predict accurately these changes and formulate ways to meet these new challenges more effectively.

MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION:-
The terms 'management' and 'administration' are often used synonymously. According to Dalton E. McFarland "In business firms, administration refers to higher, policy­ determining level. One seldom regards the first-line supervisor as an administrator, instead he is a manager. In the health care fields and in many service organization, problems (such as individual's chronic disease) are managed but programmers (such as flu vaccine distribution) are administered".
Administration may be defined as "the guidance, leadership and control of the efforts" of a group of individuals towards some common goals'. Often the terms administration and management are used together as administrative management. Administrative Management is different from 'operative management', which is concerned with the operational aspects of a business. Some experts like Oliver and Sheldon distinguished administration from management by suggesting definition of their own.

THE DEFINITION
Administration is defined as a function of an organisation that is concerned with policy ­determination, co-ordination of finances, production, distribution and control of the executives that are required for establishing an organisation. Contrary to this, management is the process that is concerned with the execution of the policies within certain limits set by the administration and employment of the organizationfor the purpose of accomplishing objectives laid down by the administration.

ESSENCE OF ADMINISTRATION:-
Ordway Tead has analysed the process of administration into distinct elements, which are:
Establishing the objectives of an organisation
Formulating broad policies for an organisation
Stimulating the organization.
Evaluating the performance of an organization
Looking head
Thus management action is directed towards attainting aims and objectives that are laid down by administration. It is there fore; clear that administration is more important at higher levels whereas management is more important at lower levels in the firm’s organizational pyramid.
The administration is a top-level wile management is a bottom level function. The fundamental point of distention between these two aspects is that former is the process of formulating policies and goals of the organization while the latter directs and guides of operation and functional aspect of the organization toward achieve the objectives set former.
A closer look reveals that the scope of management is broader than that of administration it is true that planning valid that every level of management, irrespective of its hierarchy is the organizational set up has to do some sort of planning and policy making along with their execution, therefore management includes both administrative and management and operative management.