The late President of United States highlighted management; John F. Kennedy when he said that, .the role of management in our society is critical in human progress. It serves to identify a great need of our time: to improve standards of living for all people through effective utilisation of human and material sources. Similarly, Peter F. Drucker, a noted management authority has emphasised the importance of management to social living. He proclaimed nearly 25 years ago that, "effective management was becoming the main resource, of developed nations and that it was the most needed' resource for developing nations."
A manager's job is "highly crucial to the success of any organisation. the more complex the organisation, the more crucial is the manager's role in it. A good manager makes things happen. The importance of management in any organisation was emphasised byProfessor Leonard R. Sayles in his address to a group of management development specialists, as follows:
"We must find ways of convincing society as a whole, and those who train managers in particular, that the real leadership problems of our institutions-the getting things done, the implementation, the evolving of a consensus, the making of the right decisions at the right time with the right people-are where the action is. Although we as a society haven't learned to give much credit to managers, I hope we can move toward recognising that managerial and leadership jobs are among the most critical tasks of our society. As such, they deserve the professional status that we give to more traditional fields of knowledge."
MANAGEMENT DEFINED:-
Many management thinkers have defined management in their own ways. For example, Van Fleet and Peterson define management, "as a set of activities directed at the efficient and effective utilisation of resources 'in the pursuit of one or more goals.
Managerial
Activities
Financial
Resources
Effective and
Efficient
Utilisation
Human
Resources
Physical
Resources
Goals
Informational
Resources
THE COMPONENTS OF MANAGEMENT
Megginson, Mosley and pietri define management as “working with human, financial and physical resource to achieve organizational objectives by performing the planning, organizing, leading and controlling functions.” Shows the megginson, monsley and pietri definition of management.
Planning
Organising
Leading
Controlling
Human Financial
And physical
Recourses
Goals
Management
MEGGINSON, MOSLEY AND PIETRI MANAGEMENT DEFINITION
Kreitner considers management as a Problem solving process. He defines management as follow:-
"Management is a problem' solving process of effectively achieving Organizational objective’s through the efficient use of scarce resources in a changing environment."
Some of the integral elements of this definition can be separated and briefly explained as follows:
PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS: -
One of the most important functions of a manager is to make decisions and solve problem Some- of the major problems that management must continually face "include unpredictable economic trend's 'changing governmental regulations, resource shortage and a severe competition for these resources, employee demands technical problems, technological developments and so on, There are other problems that are comparatively routine in-nature and can be solved by some tried and tested mechanisms. For example, a change in production quality can be easily looked into and the process corrected or modified or changed if necessary. On the other hand, an increase in employee grievances or employee absenteeism or turnover may require carefully studied unique solutions.
ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES:-
All organizational have a mission that is very basic reason for their existence' and certain goals and objective while goals are 'long' range and 'more general in nature, objectives are more specific, tangible and most often quantifiable. For example, the mission of a college may be high quality education, its goal may be to primarily serve the educational needs of the surrounding community and its objective may be to increase the number of new students entering the college by ten per cent in two years. The primary objective of most organizational is "to provide a service .for the public. Of course such service has to be- profitable for the organization in monetary terms; 'for that is the essence of a capitalist economy. Accordingly, management must plan its activities along these lines, additionally; it is also the management’s responsibility to integrate the personal objective of employee into organizational objectives. The personal objective of the employee may include higher remuneration, more challenging tasks and responsibilities and participation in the decision making process.
EFFICIENCY:-
Efficiency along with most common way of measuring organizational performance. Efficiency is ability to get thing done correct. An efficiency manager achieve a higher out put with given resource of time, talent and capital. So that this resource are fully utilized without waste. Similarly effectiveness means” doing the right thing in a right way at the right time. Accordingly successful managers would not only be effective in terms of selecting the right things to do and the right method for getting them done, buy they would be efficient in fully utilizing resources.
6. SCARE RESOURCE :-
The resource of people time capital and raw material all finite and limited. They are all scare in nature and are not expandable additionally, they are in fierce competition for acquiring these recourse.
7. CHANGING ENVIRONMENT:-
the dynamic of the environment is evidenced by the changing that have taken place in all areas in last few years. The advent of computer and telecommunication technology had change the way in which assessment of the environment in carried out for discussion making purpose, Accordingly, management must be prepared to predict accurately these changes and formulate ways to meet these new challenges more effectively.
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION:-
The terms 'management' and 'administration' are often used synonymously. According to Dalton E. McFarland "In business firms, administration refers to higher, policy determining level. One seldom regards the first-line supervisor as an administrator, instead he is a manager. In the health care fields and in many service organization, problems (such as individual's chronic disease) are managed but programmers (such as flu vaccine distribution) are administered".
Administration may be defined as "the guidance, leadership and control of the efforts" of a group of individuals towards some common goals'. Often the terms administration and management are used together as administrative management. Administrative Management is different from 'operative management', which is concerned with the operational aspects of a business. Some experts like Oliver and Sheldon distinguished administration from management by suggesting definition of their own.
THE DEFINITION
Administration is defined as a function of an organisation that is concerned with policy determination, co-ordination of finances, production, distribution and control of the executives that are required for establishing an organisation. Contrary to this, management is the process that is concerned with the execution of the policies within certain limits set by the administration and employment of the organizationfor the purpose of accomplishing objectives laid down by the administration.
ESSENCE OF ADMINISTRATION:-
Ordway Tead has analysed the process of administration into distinct elements, which are:
Establishing the objectives of an organisation
Formulating broad policies for an organisation
Stimulating the organization.
Evaluating the performance of an organization
Looking head
Thus management action is directed towards attainting aims and objectives that are laid down by administration. It is there fore; clear that administration is more important at higher levels whereas management is more important at lower levels in the firm’s organizational pyramid.
The administration is a top-level wile management is a bottom level function. The fundamental point of distention between these two aspects is that former is the process of formulating policies and goals of the organization while the latter directs and guides of operation and functional aspect of the organization toward achieve the objectives set former.
A closer look reveals that the scope of management is broader than that of administration it is true that planning valid that every level of management, irrespective of its hierarchy is the organizational set up has to do some sort of planning and policy making along with their execution, therefore management includes both administrative and management and operative management.
Monday, July 21, 2008
Saturday, July 19, 2008
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BANKING SECTOR
In today’s banking word there is increasing demand and importance for Information Technology (IT) due to many features, which ultimately helps banks to reduce its heavy costs for providing maximum number of transactions and services to customer for maximum time. To survive in healthy banking competition, no one can bring their bank upward without having IT in their system. IT is necessity of any bank to serve their customers & to reduce unwanted cost. Many programmers are available to provide customer satisfaction. It not only provides quick and fast service but also reduce transaction cost and large paper work.
In the sixties and seventies the banking industry was fiercely competitive as ever was losing the battle of providing good customer services due to impossibly heavy workloads. All major banks already had branches in most major locations and they simply had to recruit more and more staff to cope with the increasing number of customers. The accepted wisdom was that cost was the main basis for competition and so the banks were making strenuous efforts to reduce operational costs, kicking off the process by computerizing customer accounts. ATMs made it easy to deposit and withdraw money, check balances, request statements etc. and coupled with the added advantage of round the clock availability, they not only reduced staff workloads but save customers a new experience of hassle-free banking.
The banking sector has come a long way since then. Now almost all banks are using services from IT to reduce it’s cost It is now one of the largest users of information technology. Some of the areas where banks typically use IT to reduce cost of operations & heavy workload are mentioned below:
1) Back office computerization: Nowadays, almost all Indian and international banks run on fully integrated and online systems where all back office operations like accounts posting, reconciliation, clearing house operations, etc., are completely automated.
2) Front office computerization: All banks provide facilities like instant account statement, making fixed deposits, electronic funds transfer, direct debit facility, etc. to their customers.
3) Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs): These computerised machines enable customers to do their regular bank transactions (like depositing and withdrawing money, ascertaining current account balance, etc.) without visiting a bank branch. ATMs considerably reduce costs for banks (employee cost, space cost, etc.) and provide better level of service to customers (by enabling 24 hour banking access at numerous locations).
4) Net Banking: Most banks like HSBC, Standard Chartered, HDFC, ICICI etc., have extremely user friendly websites where the typical banking transaction (like cash delivery, generating account statements, requests for cheque books and drafts etc.) can be carried out online without visiting the bank. This innovative use of IT has meant that effectively, customers have no need to personally visit the bank for routine banking transactions, which reduce time consumption, inconvenience for customers as well as reduce employee welfare cost in bank.
In the sixties and seventies the banking industry was fiercely competitive as ever was losing the battle of providing good customer services due to impossibly heavy workloads. All major banks already had branches in most major locations and they simply had to recruit more and more staff to cope with the increasing number of customers. The accepted wisdom was that cost was the main basis for competition and so the banks were making strenuous efforts to reduce operational costs, kicking off the process by computerizing customer accounts. ATMs made it easy to deposit and withdraw money, check balances, request statements etc. and coupled with the added advantage of round the clock availability, they not only reduced staff workloads but save customers a new experience of hassle-free banking.
The banking sector has come a long way since then. Now almost all banks are using services from IT to reduce it’s cost It is now one of the largest users of information technology. Some of the areas where banks typically use IT to reduce cost of operations & heavy workload are mentioned below:
1) Back office computerization: Nowadays, almost all Indian and international banks run on fully integrated and online systems where all back office operations like accounts posting, reconciliation, clearing house operations, etc., are completely automated.
2) Front office computerization: All banks provide facilities like instant account statement, making fixed deposits, electronic funds transfer, direct debit facility, etc. to their customers.
3) Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs): These computerised machines enable customers to do their regular bank transactions (like depositing and withdrawing money, ascertaining current account balance, etc.) without visiting a bank branch. ATMs considerably reduce costs for banks (employee cost, space cost, etc.) and provide better level of service to customers (by enabling 24 hour banking access at numerous locations).
4) Net Banking: Most banks like HSBC, Standard Chartered, HDFC, ICICI etc., have extremely user friendly websites where the typical banking transaction (like cash delivery, generating account statements, requests for cheque books and drafts etc.) can be carried out online without visiting the bank. This innovative use of IT has meant that effectively, customers have no need to personally visit the bank for routine banking transactions, which reduce time consumption, inconvenience for customers as well as reduce employee welfare cost in bank.
Friday, July 18, 2008
REQUIREMENTS OF DATABASE
Requirements of database help in determining the prerequisites before storing the data in
the database. Following are the requirements for database management.
1) Non-redundancy
As already suggested, non-redundancy is beneficial in eliminating the contradictions and in saving storage space. Occasionally, amount of redundancy is acceptable such as when the need for data security or rapid access is paramount.
2) Data independence
This means that the data and the programs are independent, which means that the data can be moved or restructured without the need to make alterations to the programs. Similarly an enforced program change does not call for rearrangement of the data layout. If there is no data independency, then a program requiring more data items from a file necessitates rearranging it, and consequently other programs have to be modified to cope with the rearrangement of the file.
3) Program usage
A database needs to be usable by not only all the existing applications but also by all foreseeable applications. These are ambitious aims, but nonetheless a database must be open-ended so as to accept new sets of data items and change to the existing data item sets.
4) Data Inter-relationships
Data inter-relationships are necessary because of the fact that various applications use data in different ways. For example, one application may demand a link between an employee's name and his pension contribution, another between his tax payment and his previous employer. Requirements such as these impose stringent demands upon the database's accuracy, security and flexibility.
5) Common approach
Common approach is based on simplicity and understanding of data and programs. Although application programmers are not concerned with .the database's structure and techniques, a common approach simplifies the database control programs and facilitates the database administrator's work.
the database. Following are the requirements for database management.
1) Non-redundancy
As already suggested, non-redundancy is beneficial in eliminating the contradictions and in saving storage space. Occasionally, amount of redundancy is acceptable such as when the need for data security or rapid access is paramount.
2) Data independence
This means that the data and the programs are independent, which means that the data can be moved or restructured without the need to make alterations to the programs. Similarly an enforced program change does not call for rearrangement of the data layout. If there is no data independency, then a program requiring more data items from a file necessitates rearranging it, and consequently other programs have to be modified to cope with the rearrangement of the file.
3) Program usage
A database needs to be usable by not only all the existing applications but also by all foreseeable applications. These are ambitious aims, but nonetheless a database must be open-ended so as to accept new sets of data items and change to the existing data item sets.
4) Data Inter-relationships
Data inter-relationships are necessary because of the fact that various applications use data in different ways. For example, one application may demand a link between an employee's name and his pension contribution, another between his tax payment and his previous employer. Requirements such as these impose stringent demands upon the database's accuracy, security and flexibility.
5) Common approach
Common approach is based on simplicity and understanding of data and programs. Although application programmers are not concerned with .the database's structure and techniques, a common approach simplifies the database control programs and facilitates the database administrator's work.
Thursday, July 17, 2008
The objectives and requirements of the Database
DATABASE CONCEPT
A database is an organized collection of data. The term originated within the computer industry. In other words, a database is a collection of records stored on a computer in a systematic way. The computer program used to manage and query a database is known as a Database Management System (DBMS). The central concept of a database is that of a collection of records or pieces of knowledge. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity and recovery from hardware failures.
OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE
Below mentioned are some objectives of Database.
1) Database should permit the establishment of a single area for common information that is used by all authorized users.
2) It should allow important information to be recorded on floppy disk, magnetic disk, or mass storage, while secondary records are maintained on magnetic tape or other low-cost storage medium.
3) It should guarantee accuracy of updating by an automatic maintenance feature for all segments of the data file.
4) It should allow variable-length records in order to conserve space.
5) It should have provision for expanding or reducing files, both the number of records in the file and the data elements in each record.
6) It should allow security of files or segments of files.
7) There must be a provision for some types of lockout feature so that certain files or areas of files or even individual records cannot be accessed during updating.
A database is an organized collection of data. The term originated within the computer industry. In other words, a database is a collection of records stored on a computer in a systematic way. The computer program used to manage and query a database is known as a Database Management System (DBMS). The central concept of a database is that of a collection of records or pieces of knowledge. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity and recovery from hardware failures.
OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE
Below mentioned are some objectives of Database.
1) Database should permit the establishment of a single area for common information that is used by all authorized users.
2) It should allow important information to be recorded on floppy disk, magnetic disk, or mass storage, while secondary records are maintained on magnetic tape or other low-cost storage medium.
3) It should guarantee accuracy of updating by an automatic maintenance feature for all segments of the data file.
4) It should allow variable-length records in order to conserve space.
5) It should have provision for expanding or reducing files, both the number of records in the file and the data elements in each record.
6) It should allow security of files or segments of files.
7) There must be a provision for some types of lockout feature so that certain files or areas of files or even individual records cannot be accessed during updating.
Tuesday, July 15, 2008
Data and Information
INFORMATION AND DATA
The words, information and data, are used interchangeably in many contexts. However, they are not synonyms. It is necessary to make distinction between the two terms namely, data and information that are usually used interchangeably.
The interchange of the words data and information is widespread; following explanation should help to develop a clearer understanding of the differences between the two.
Data
Ø Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.
Ø Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by a computer.
Ø Data must be interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive meaning
Ø Data is a representation of information
Information
Ø Knowledge derived from study, experience (by the senses), or instruction.
Ø Communication of intelligence.
Ø Information is any kind of knowledge that is exchangeable amongst people, about
things, facts, concepts, etc., in some context."
Ø Information is interpreted data”
Data is the material on which computer programs work upon. It can be numbers, letters of the alphabet, words, special symbols but they themselves have no meaning. For example, the following sequence of digits 240343 is meaningless by itself since it could refer to date of birth, part number for a automobile, number of rupees spent on a project, population of a town, number of people employed in a large organisation etc. Once we know what the sequence refers to, then it becomes meaningful and can be called information. For example, when we write 24-03-43, it may mean date of birth as 24th March 1943.
In general terms, Data is any fact or number. It may have some meaning or not.
But Information is a data, which cannot be predicted with a probability of 1. It is always meaningful.
The words, information and data, are used interchangeably in many contexts. However, they are not synonyms. It is necessary to make distinction between the two terms namely, data and information that are usually used interchangeably.
The interchange of the words data and information is widespread; following explanation should help to develop a clearer understanding of the differences between the two.
Data
Ø Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.
Ø Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by a computer.
Ø Data must be interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive meaning
Ø Data is a representation of information
Information
Ø Knowledge derived from study, experience (by the senses), or instruction.
Ø Communication of intelligence.
Ø Information is any kind of knowledge that is exchangeable amongst people, about
things, facts, concepts, etc., in some context."
Ø Information is interpreted data”
Data is the material on which computer programs work upon. It can be numbers, letters of the alphabet, words, special symbols but they themselves have no meaning. For example, the following sequence of digits 240343 is meaningless by itself since it could refer to date of birth, part number for a automobile, number of rupees spent on a project, population of a town, number of people employed in a large organisation etc. Once we know what the sequence refers to, then it becomes meaningful and can be called information. For example, when we write 24-03-43, it may mean date of birth as 24th March 1943.
In general terms, Data is any fact or number. It may have some meaning or not.
But Information is a data, which cannot be predicted with a probability of 1. It is always meaningful.
The editing and proofing tolls available in MS Word
EDITING TOOLS:
Following are the some common editing tools available in Ms Word
Spelling Check
This tool underlines words having spelling errors in red. Just Right click the red underlined word & Select proper corrective word
OR Click anywhere in the red, underlined word,
Grammar Check
Word underlines grammar errors in green. To correct it Right click the green, underlined error and Select correction
OR Click anywhere in the green ð underlined error ð Click Tools ð Spelling and Grammar ð Select corrective word, grammar and style.
Highlighter
Highlighter is the one of the editing tool which includes tools to select font type, size, color, alignment, etc.
We can change the color of the highlighted word by clicking the down arrow to the right of the Highlighter icon and selecting a new color.
Tracking Changes
If you are an editor, you now can add, delete, change words, etc. The changes will be marked in red. If you are a writer, you can see the changes made by the editor, and accept or reject those changes by clicking the appropriate icon. Click the arrows to move to the next or previous change, etc.
Inserting Comments
Comments tool help to insert the words, phrase, or section in a document where you want to add a comment
¯ PROOFING TOOLS
The Microsoft Proofing Tools for Ms Word are a collection of editing technologies that enable users to proof Office documents in more than 50 different languages.
The spelling checker identifies possible misspellings in a text file by comparing the contents of the file with a database of accepted spellings, and is one of the most frequently used features of Microsoft Word. But spellers can perform more sophisticated tasks than simply comparing terms from a database.
Grammar and Style Checker
The grammar checker corrects sentences using a system of rules that defines the grammatical structure of a language. Microsoft Word integrates this tool and runs it in the background, making corrections automatically.
Thesaurus
The basic function of a thesaurus is to look up synonyms for a particular word. But the thesauri in Proofing Tools perform more sophisticated tasks than simply retrieving direct synonyms for a given term from a database. Special algorithms in thesauri extract inflectional information (i.e. variations of a word) from a stem word (i.e. base word) to
provide a series of synonyms with the same inflection. For example, looking up the word running would yield the possible synonym jogging.
AutoCorrect
AutoCorrect automatically detects and corrects typos, misspelled words, grammatical errors, and incorrect capitalization. For example, if you type teh plus a space, then AutoCorrect replaces what you have typed with "the." You can also use AutoCorrect to quickly insert text, graphics, or symbols. For example, type (c) to insert "©", or type ac to insert "Acme Corporation."
Hyphenation
Hyphenation helps eliminate gaps or in justified text, and helps maintain even line lengths in narrow columns. The hyphenation tool allows a user to connect (as two words) or divide (as a word at the end of a line of print) two or more terms with a hyphen. Languages vary in their flexibility on hyphenation rules.
AutoSummarize
AutoSummarize identifies the key points in a document for you to share with others or quickly scan. The tool determines key points by analyzing a document and assigning a score to each sentence. Sentences that contain words used frequently in the document are given a higher score. You can then choose a percentage of the highest-scoring sentences to display in the summary.
Input Method EditorsAn Input Method Editor (IME) works with the operating system to allow you to enter Asian text in Windows and enabled applications - including Office 2003 - by converting your keystrokes into Asian characters.
Following are the some common editing tools available in Ms Word
Spelling Check
This tool underlines words having spelling errors in red. Just Right click the red underlined word & Select proper corrective word
OR Click anywhere in the red, underlined word,
Grammar Check
Word underlines grammar errors in green. To correct it Right click the green, underlined error and Select correction
OR Click anywhere in the green ð underlined error ð Click Tools ð Spelling and Grammar ð Select corrective word, grammar and style.
Highlighter
Highlighter is the one of the editing tool which includes tools to select font type, size, color, alignment, etc.
We can change the color of the highlighted word by clicking the down arrow to the right of the Highlighter icon and selecting a new color.
Tracking Changes
If you are an editor, you now can add, delete, change words, etc. The changes will be marked in red. If you are a writer, you can see the changes made by the editor, and accept or reject those changes by clicking the appropriate icon. Click the arrows to move to the next or previous change, etc.
Inserting Comments
Comments tool help to insert the words, phrase, or section in a document where you want to add a comment
¯ PROOFING TOOLS
The Microsoft Proofing Tools for Ms Word are a collection of editing technologies that enable users to proof Office documents in more than 50 different languages.
The spelling checker identifies possible misspellings in a text file by comparing the contents of the file with a database of accepted spellings, and is one of the most frequently used features of Microsoft Word. But spellers can perform more sophisticated tasks than simply comparing terms from a database.
Grammar and Style Checker
The grammar checker corrects sentences using a system of rules that defines the grammatical structure of a language. Microsoft Word integrates this tool and runs it in the background, making corrections automatically.
Thesaurus
The basic function of a thesaurus is to look up synonyms for a particular word. But the thesauri in Proofing Tools perform more sophisticated tasks than simply retrieving direct synonyms for a given term from a database. Special algorithms in thesauri extract inflectional information (i.e. variations of a word) from a stem word (i.e. base word) to
provide a series of synonyms with the same inflection. For example, looking up the word running would yield the possible synonym jogging.
AutoCorrect
AutoCorrect automatically detects and corrects typos, misspelled words, grammatical errors, and incorrect capitalization. For example, if you type teh plus a space, then AutoCorrect replaces what you have typed with "the." You can also use AutoCorrect to quickly insert text, graphics, or symbols. For example, type (c) to insert "©", or type ac to insert "Acme Corporation."
Hyphenation
Hyphenation helps eliminate gaps or in justified text, and helps maintain even line lengths in narrow columns. The hyphenation tool allows a user to connect (as two words) or divide (as a word at the end of a line of print) two or more terms with a hyphen. Languages vary in their flexibility on hyphenation rules.
AutoSummarize
AutoSummarize identifies the key points in a document for you to share with others or quickly scan. The tool determines key points by analyzing a document and assigning a score to each sentence. Sentences that contain words used frequently in the document are given a higher score. You can then choose a percentage of the highest-scoring sentences to display in the summary.
Input Method EditorsAn Input Method Editor (IME) works with the operating system to allow you to enter Asian text in Windows and enabled applications - including Office 2003 - by converting your keystrokes into Asian characters.
Monday, July 14, 2008
( a) THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF WINDOWS DESKTOP, (b)Windows Explorer & (c) Main Features of Word Pad
( a) THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF WINDOWS DESKTOP
Once Windows is loaded into the memory of the computer, the focus is placed on the desktop. The desktop is designed to act just like an actual desktop. The desktop is a window that covers your entire computer screen. It is the interface through which all of the programs are accessed. All other programs run on the top of the Windows desktop.
The Windows desktop is comprised of three key elements:
1) Icons 2) Start menu & 3) Taskbar
1) Icons:
Icons can be further classified into five categories:
Ø Folder Icons: When a folder icon is double clicked, a folder window is opened displaying the contents of the folder.
Ø Program Icons: When a Program icon is double clicked, the corresponding program is loaded into the memory of the computer and the application starts running in a Window.
Ø Document Icons: When a document icon is double clicked, the document itself is opened. For e.g., (Word processing program, spreadsheet, database etc.
Ø Shortcut Icons: Shortcut icons provide an alternate way to open programs, documents, and folders
Ø System Icons: System icons are mandatory programs or files that are located on your desktop. User is not allowed to delete the system icon, since deleting the system icon would mean deleting the actual program from the hard drive of the computer. Examples of System Icons are Recycle Bin, My Computer, and Network Neighborhood etc.
? Recycle Bin: Any file that is deleted from the hard disk of the computer is moved to a separate folder called Recycle Bin. The files stored in the bin can be restored to their original location by using the 'Restore' option of Recycle Bin. To empty the Recycle Bin, simply right click on this icon and-select 'Empty Recycle Bin' option.
? My Computer: Double clicking the "My Computer" icon will open a window that displays the contents of the computer. All the files and folders available in the computer can be viewed here. It also allows you to display the system and hardware information.
? Network Neighborhood: "Network Neighborhood" icon displays windows from other computers and resources, like printer, connected to the network.
( b) WINDOWS EXPLORER
Windows Explorer is a utility that represents the contents of the computer in a graphical form. It allows you to do various file and disk management tasks like copy, rename, move and delete file(s) and create folder(s) and sub-folder(s), format floppies etc. It is the quickest way to get a complete view of the contents of computer.
Windows Explorer can be accessed:
Start -+ Programs -+ Windows Explorer
Ø Elements of window explorer:
Standard Toolbar: Gives access to the commonly used functions.
Address Bar: Displays the path of the selected document. Document could be a file, folder, sub-folder or a drive itself. The selected item is usually displayed in blue colour.
Tree View: Windows Explorer displays all the items in a tree view structure. Items can be expanded and contracted by clicking on the plus and minus signs that appear next to some of the icons. 'Plus' sign indicates that there are more items within the folder. 'Minus' sign represents the expanded view. Icons that have neither a plus sign nor a minus sign indicate that there are no additional items inside them.
Left/Right Pane: The left pane of the Windows Explorer is used to select a folder or drive so that its contents can be displayed in the right pane. The name of the selected folder is displayed in the window's title bar. As soon as you select a different folder in the left pane, the contents of the right pane change to reflect that folder's contents.
Ø Features of Windows Explorer
Following are the few features of Window Explorer
1) Creating Folders and Files: We can create various folders & files in the same explorer
2) Creating Sub-folders: Sub folders can be created within original folder.
3) Opening Folder: From the left pane, we can select any folder to explore further for sub-folders, files etc.
4) Opening files: Desired double clicking on that particular folder and files can open file of any application.
5) Copying files: We can copy folders files into the other folder by selecting & pasting it to the desires place. Copying can be done using various methods in Window explorer e.g. Click & Drag method, Copy & Paste method, Selecting range of files & pasting method, selecting selected files with the help of control key & pasting
6) Renaming files/Folders: Files and folders can be renamed using window explorer
7) Deleting files/Folders: Selected files & folders can be deleted.
8) Changing folder views: Folders in Windows Explorer can be viewed in different views. E.g. Large Icon View, Small Icon View, List View, Details View. Details view displays information like item name, size, type and the date item was last created or modified. We can sort all files and folders by date wise, type wise and name wise.
(C)MAIN FEATURES OF WORDPAD
WordPad is a simple word processor that is included with almost all versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 95 upwards. It is more advanced than Notepad, but not as advanced as Microsoft Word.
WordPad is the one of the commonly used accessory. It is a the text based editor that supports more features than Notepad. WordPad can be for files larger than 64 KB. It supports all the features than Notepad. Some of the features of the WordPad are as under.
1) Allows formatting of text using different font style, colours and bullets.
2) Different alignment options (Left, Right, and Centre) are provided for the paragraphs.
3) Allows to set page margins and a preview of the page can be seen of how document would appear in print.
4) Toolbars are provided that provide quick access to commonly used functions. User has option to View/hide the toolbars.
5) Allows to embed/link an object into a WordPad document from the another file.
6) Find and replace can be used to locate a particular piece of text within a document.
7) It can be used to automatically replace a particular piece of text with something else.
WordPad can be accessed from:
Start Programs Accessories WordPad
Once Windows is loaded into the memory of the computer, the focus is placed on the desktop. The desktop is designed to act just like an actual desktop. The desktop is a window that covers your entire computer screen. It is the interface through which all of the programs are accessed. All other programs run on the top of the Windows desktop.
The Windows desktop is comprised of three key elements:
1) Icons 2) Start menu & 3) Taskbar
1) Icons:
Icons can be further classified into five categories:
Ø Folder Icons: When a folder icon is double clicked, a folder window is opened displaying the contents of the folder.
Ø Program Icons: When a Program icon is double clicked, the corresponding program is loaded into the memory of the computer and the application starts running in a Window.
Ø Document Icons: When a document icon is double clicked, the document itself is opened. For e.g., (Word processing program, spreadsheet, database etc.
Ø Shortcut Icons: Shortcut icons provide an alternate way to open programs, documents, and folders
Ø System Icons: System icons are mandatory programs or files that are located on your desktop. User is not allowed to delete the system icon, since deleting the system icon would mean deleting the actual program from the hard drive of the computer. Examples of System Icons are Recycle Bin, My Computer, and Network Neighborhood etc.
? Recycle Bin: Any file that is deleted from the hard disk of the computer is moved to a separate folder called Recycle Bin. The files stored in the bin can be restored to their original location by using the 'Restore' option of Recycle Bin. To empty the Recycle Bin, simply right click on this icon and-select 'Empty Recycle Bin' option.
? My Computer: Double clicking the "My Computer" icon will open a window that displays the contents of the computer. All the files and folders available in the computer can be viewed here. It also allows you to display the system and hardware information.
? Network Neighborhood: "Network Neighborhood" icon displays windows from other computers and resources, like printer, connected to the network.
( b) WINDOWS EXPLORER
Windows Explorer is a utility that represents the contents of the computer in a graphical form. It allows you to do various file and disk management tasks like copy, rename, move and delete file(s) and create folder(s) and sub-folder(s), format floppies etc. It is the quickest way to get a complete view of the contents of computer.
Windows Explorer can be accessed:
Start -+ Programs -+ Windows Explorer
Ø Elements of window explorer:
Standard Toolbar: Gives access to the commonly used functions.
Address Bar: Displays the path of the selected document. Document could be a file, folder, sub-folder or a drive itself. The selected item is usually displayed in blue colour.
Tree View: Windows Explorer displays all the items in a tree view structure. Items can be expanded and contracted by clicking on the plus and minus signs that appear next to some of the icons. 'Plus' sign indicates that there are more items within the folder. 'Minus' sign represents the expanded view. Icons that have neither a plus sign nor a minus sign indicate that there are no additional items inside them.
Left/Right Pane: The left pane of the Windows Explorer is used to select a folder or drive so that its contents can be displayed in the right pane. The name of the selected folder is displayed in the window's title bar. As soon as you select a different folder in the left pane, the contents of the right pane change to reflect that folder's contents.
Ø Features of Windows Explorer
Following are the few features of Window Explorer
1) Creating Folders and Files: We can create various folders & files in the same explorer
2) Creating Sub-folders: Sub folders can be created within original folder.
3) Opening Folder: From the left pane, we can select any folder to explore further for sub-folders, files etc.
4) Opening files: Desired double clicking on that particular folder and files can open file of any application.
5) Copying files: We can copy folders files into the other folder by selecting & pasting it to the desires place. Copying can be done using various methods in Window explorer e.g. Click & Drag method, Copy & Paste method, Selecting range of files & pasting method, selecting selected files with the help of control key & pasting
6) Renaming files/Folders: Files and folders can be renamed using window explorer
7) Deleting files/Folders: Selected files & folders can be deleted.
8) Changing folder views: Folders in Windows Explorer can be viewed in different views. E.g. Large Icon View, Small Icon View, List View, Details View. Details view displays information like item name, size, type and the date item was last created or modified. We can sort all files and folders by date wise, type wise and name wise.
(C)MAIN FEATURES OF WORDPAD
WordPad is a simple word processor that is included with almost all versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 95 upwards. It is more advanced than Notepad, but not as advanced as Microsoft Word.
WordPad is the one of the commonly used accessory. It is a the text based editor that supports more features than Notepad. WordPad can be for files larger than 64 KB. It supports all the features than Notepad. Some of the features of the WordPad are as under.
1) Allows formatting of text using different font style, colours and bullets.
2) Different alignment options (Left, Right, and Centre) are provided for the paragraphs.
3) Allows to set page margins and a preview of the page can be seen of how document would appear in print.
4) Toolbars are provided that provide quick access to commonly used functions. User has option to View/hide the toolbars.
5) Allows to embed/link an object into a WordPad document from the another file.
6) Find and replace can be used to locate a particular piece of text within a document.
7) It can be used to automatically replace a particular piece of text with something else.
WordPad can be accessed from:
Start Programs Accessories WordPad
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